SUTD researchers create flexible and stretchable microfluidic devices using direct printing of silicone-based 3D microchannel networks
SUTD - Kento Yamagishi, Terry Ching, Nicole Chian, Martin Tan, Wenshen Zhou, Shao Ying Huang, Michinao Hashimoto
Silicone-based elastomeric 3D microchannel networks were created using direct ink writing 3D printing with simultaneous incorporation of electronic components into the microchannel. By injecting liquid metal into the coil-shaped multilayered microchannel, flexible and stretchable microfluidic antenna coils with a high Q factor were developed.
The injection of liquid metal into 3D-printed microchannels allowed forming electrical connections between 3D conductive networks and the embedded electronic elements, enabling the fabrication of flexible and stretchable microfluidic electronics such as skin-attachable NFC tags and wireless light-emitting devices.
The transition from traditional 2D to 3D microfluidic structures is a significant advancement in microfluidics, offering benefits in scientific and industrial applications. These 3D systems improve throughput through parallel operation, and soft elastomeric networks, when filled with conductive materials like liquid metal, allowing for the integration of microfluidics and electronics. However, traditional methods such as soft lithography fabrication which requires cleanroom facilities have limitations in achieving fully automated 3D interconnected microchannels. The manual procedures involved in these methods, including polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molding and layer-to-layer alignment, hinder the automation potential of microfluidic device production.
3D printing is a promising alternative to traditional microfluidic fabrication methods. Photopolymerisation techniques like stereolithography apparatus (SLA) and digital light processing (DLP) enable the creation of complex microchannels. While photopolymerisation allows for flexible devices, challenges remain in integrating external components such as electronic elements during light-based printing. Extrusion-based methods like fused deposition modeling (FDM) and direct ink writing (DIW) offer automated fabrication but face difficulties in printing elastomeric hollow structures. The key challenge is finding an ink that balances softness for component embedding and robustness for structural integrity to achieve fully printed, interconnected microfluidic devices with embedded functionality. As of now, existing 3D printing technologies have not simultaneously realised (1) direct printing of interconnected multilayered microchannels without supporting materials or post-processing and (2) integration of electronic elements during the printing process.
Researchers from the Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD) Soft Fluidics Lab addressed these two significant challenges in this study:
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Direct Printing of Interconnected Multilayered Microchannels
The settings for DIW 3D printing were optimised to create support-free hollow structures for silicone sealant, ensuring that the extruded structure did not collapse. The research team further expanded this demonstration to fabricate interconnected multilayered microchannels with through-holes between layers; such geometries of microchannels (and electric wires) are often required for electronic devices such as antennas for wireless communication.
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Integration of Electronic Components
Another challenge is the integration of electronic components into the microchannels during the 3D printing process. This is difficult to achieve with resins that cure immediately. The research team took advantage of gradually curing resins to embed and immobilise the small electronic elements (such as RFID tags and LED chips). The self-alignment of those elements with microchannels allowed the self-assembly of the components with the electric wirings when liquid metal was perfused through the channel.
Why is this technology important?
While many electronic devices necessitate a 3D configuration of conductive wires, such as a jumper wire in a coil, this is challenging to achieve through conventional 3D printing methods. The SUTD research team proposed a straightforward solution for realising devices with such intricate configurations. By injecting liquid metal into a 3D multilayered microchannel containing embedded electronic components, self-assembly of conductive wires with these components is facilitated, enabling the streamlined fabrication of flexible and stretchable liquid metal coils.
To exemplify the practical advantages of this technology, the team created a skin-attachable radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag using a commercially available skin-adhesive plaster as a substrate and a free-standing flexible wireless light-emitting device with a compact footprint (21.4 mm × 15 mm). The first demonstration underscores this solution’s ability to automate the production of stretchable printed circuits on a widely accepted, medically approved platform. The fabricated RFID tag demonstrated a high Q factor (~70) even after 1000 cycles of tensile stress (50% strain), showcasing stability in the face of repeated deformations and adherence to the skin. Alternatively, the research team envisions employing small, flexible wireless optoelectronics for photodynamic therapy as medical implants on biological surfaces and lumens.
"Our technology will offer a new capability to realise the automated fabrication of stretchable printed circuits with 3D configuration of electrical circuits consisting of liquid metals," said Dr Kento Yamagishi, the lead author of the paper.
"The DIW 3D printing of elastomeric multilayered microchannels will enable the automated fabrication of fluidic devices with 3D arrangement of channels, including multifunctional sensors, multi-material mixers, and 3D tissue engineering scaffolds," added Principal Investigator, Associate Professor Michinao Hashimoto.
Reference
Flexible and Stretchable Liquid-Metal Microfluidic Electronics Using Directly Printed 3D Microchannel Networks, Advanced Functional Materials (DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202311219)
This research project was led by SUTD's Soft Fluidics Laboratory (Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/SoftFluidics/, X: softfluidics), in collaboration with Associate Professor Shao Ying Huang’s group from SUTD. The research work has been published in Advanced Functional Materials, a peer-reviewed high-impact journal (impact factor: 19.924) by Wiley-VCH.